猴痘疫苗策略的演进:从交叉保护到新型疫苗平台*

doi:10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.25.11.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 猴痘(Mpox)是由猴痘病毒(monkeypox virus,MPXV)引起的新发人畜共患传染病。2022年全球疫情凸显了疫苗接种在疫情防控中的核心作用。目前全球尚无MPXV特异性疫苗获批,仍主要依赖基于痘苗病毒的传统天花疫苗(如ACAM2000、MVA-BN、LC16m8)的交叉免疫提供保护。该文首先评述了传统疫苗的免疫特性、临床保护效果及局限,进而重点综述了新型疫苗平台——包括重组蛋白疫苗(如多价抗原融合体与病毒样颗粒)、核酸疫苗(DNA/mRNA疫苗)以及基于工程化细胞囊泡的仿生疫苗的研发进展。这些平台针对MPXV特异性抗原进行理性设计,旨在诱导更强、更持久的保护性免疫。临床前研究表明,多价mRNA疫苗(如BNT166、mRNA-1769)与多价病毒样颗粒疫苗等在动物模型中展现出优于传统改良安卡拉痘苗病毒(MVA)疫苗的保护潜力。未来猴痘疫苗研发需在明确保护性免疫相关要素、优化抗原组合与递送系统,以及提升资源有限地区可及性等方面持续突破。该文通过对从交叉保护到多平台创新策略的演进进行梳理,为构建科学的猴痘防控体系提供参考。

关键词: 猴痘病毒, mRNA疫苗, 病毒样颗粒, 交叉保护, 抗原设计

Abstract: Monkeypox(Mpox)is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus(MPXV).The 2022 global outbreak highlighted the pivotal role of vaccination in pandemic control.Currently,no MPXV-specific vaccine is universally approved,therefore,prevention still relies primarily on cross-protective immunity from traditional smallpox vaccines based on the vaccinia virus(VACV),such as ACAM2000,MVA-BN,and LC16m8.This review first evaluates the immunological characteristics,clinical efficacy,and limitations of these conventional vaccines.It then focuses on advances in novel vaccine platforms,including recombinant protein vaccines(e.g.,multivalent antigen fusions and virus-like particles),nucleic acid vaccines(DNA/mRNA),and engineered extracellular vesicle-based vaccines.These platforms are designed to target MPXV-specific antigens rationally,aiming to induce stronger and more durable immune protection.Preclinical studies have shown that multivalent mRNA vaccines(e.g.,BNT166,mRNA-1769)and multivalent VLP vaccines can elicit protection superior to that of the traditional MVA vaccine in animal models.We conclude that future MPXV vaccine development requires continued advances in defining protective correlates,optimizing antigen combinations and delivery systems,and improving accessibility in resource-limited settings.By tracing the shift from cross-protection to multi-platform innovation,this review offers a valuable reference for establishing a scientific framework for Mpox prevention and control.

Key words: monkeypox virus, mRNA vaccine, virus-like particle, cross-protection, antigen design

中图分类号:

R373
R186

王丽娟, 卓可星, 曾子航, 魏英杰, 裘诗佳, 钟茂华, 卫向红, 操媛. 猴痘疫苗策略的演进:从交叉保护到新型疫苗平台^*[J]. 华中科技大学学报（医学版）, 2026, 55(2): 263-270.

Wang Lijuan, Zhuo Kexing, Zeng Zihang et al. Mpox Vaccine Strategies:From Cross-Protection to Next-Generation Platforms[J]. Acta Medicinae Universitatis Scientiae et Technologiae Huazhong, 2026, 55(2): 263-270.

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猴痘疫苗策略的演进:从交叉保护到新型疫苗平台^*

Mpox Vaccine Strategies:From Cross-Protection to Next-Generation Platforms

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