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Abstract: Glial cells are essential components of the central nervous system. There’s growingevidence that they play crucial roles in regulating brain function, supporting synaptic growth, and ensuring the blood-brain barrier remains intact. Furthermore, they are implicated in the development and progression of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as other central nervous system-related inflammatory diseases. However, research on glial cells in peripheral organs has been under-investigated, and their developmental pathways and physiological functions remain to be elucidated. In this review, our main focus is on the origins and functions of glial cells in peripheral tissues. We also delve into the cellular and molecular processes they’re involved in when it comes to central nervous system diseases, aiming to shed more light on their role outside the brain.

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